Session 1 Abstracts

Session 1. Physical properties and physical chemistry

Recently, the application of supercritical fluid, particularly supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂), and polymer has been expected because it is safe and harmless for environment in increasing social interest in global environmental deterioration and rising costs of fossil fuels. For example, a polymer foam is one in which cells are dispersed inside a polymer, and the amount of material used can be reduced by the presence of the cells. Other examples include atomization and fiberization. Unfortunately, it is difficult to obtain sufficient products with only supercritical carbon dioxide and polymers. Therefore, attempts have been made to add a solvent as the third component. As a result, it is beginning to be reported that the performance can be changed more broadly than when no additive is added. The cause of this change is expected to be due to the change in physical properties by the addition of solvent, but the physical property data of the CO₂/solvent/polymer ternary system are limited. Particularly, a phase behavior is important for the process design. In this study, the phase behavior of a CO₂/toluene/polystyrene (PS) ternary system was measured.
The phase behavior was observed by an apparatus based on a synthetic method. In this system, two types of the phase boundary were observed; bubble point (BP) and cloud point (CP). The BP pressures were defined as the pressure at which small bubbles appear in the cell. The CP pressures were determined by measuring the turbidity of the system by the variation of reflected light intensity. In addition, the effects of composition, temperature, and polymer molecular weight for the phase behavior were examined.

Physical properties such as density, viscosity, and vapor-liquid equilibrium are indispensable information for the chemical process design. The demand for these physical properties is increasing in these days. In particular, the PVT relationship is one of the most basic and fundamental physical properties however, as the measurement needs specialized equipments and a long measurement period, the experimental data are always insufficient.
Silicon alkoxides are used extensively as raw materials of silica materials such as thin film, monolith, and silica aerogel which has high thermal insulation performance though, there are few reports on the thermodynamic properties of these substances. In this work, PVT relationships of hexyltrimethoxysilane(HTMS) was measured by an experimental apparatus based on a general variable volume method. Experiments were performed at temperatures from 303 to 363 K and pressures up to 160 MPa, and measurements were repeated at least three times.
Furthermore, from the above-mentioned subject in the measurement of physical properties, complementation of data by calculation as well as measurement is required. On this purpose, the equation of state (EoS) is a powerful tool. In this study, Sanchez-Lacombe Equation of state (SL EoS), whose parameters could be determined from only the PVT relationship. The measured PVT relationships of silicon alkoxides were correlated by SL EoS and the SL parameters were determined. In addition, estimation of the SL parameters of HTMS from the SL parameters of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) reported previously was conducted with considering the molecular structure.

Methane hydrates (MH) in the Nankai Trough of Japan are considered as promising resources for developing CO₂-free energy. In this work, the objectives were: (i) to develop an optical system for measuring method hydrate dissociation in situ, (ii) to measure change of occupancy ratio during MH dissociation and (iii) to develop a method for correlating occupancy ratio that can be used in large scale simulation systems. During the MH dissociation process, occupancy (θ) in each cage (θ_M or θ_S) changes based on degree of progress for dissociation. For analyzing the cage occupancy of MH, Raman spectroscopy was used as an in-situ technique to determine methane hydrate dissociation characteristics. MH films were synthesized with pure water and methane gas. The procedure used allowed MH films to form on the lower surface of the high-pressure optical cell sapphire window, which eliminated noise associated with the C-H stretching vibration of bulk methane gas. The changes in the relative cage occupancy ratio (3θ_M/θ_S) in the methane hydrates were monitored at equilibrium conditions and during changes of pressure in which dissociation occurred. The cage occupancy ratio (3θ_M/θ_S) in MH decreased with increasing pressure at equilibrium conditions due to increasing amounts of methane present in the S-cage. For an occupancy ratio (3θ_M/θ_S) of 3.37 (273.8 K, 5.0 MPa) the uncertainty in occupancy ratio obtained with procedures developed in this work was ca. 0.09 compared with a literature value of ca. 0.71. The Kihara potential parameters used in the model were redetermined to provide reliable correlation of the data. For depressurization conditions, (275.65 K, 7.60 MPa → 5.94 MPa), the cage occupancy ratio in MH increased up to 240 h monitoring time. The trend of the cage occupancy ratio with pressure and model will be useful for developing large-scale simulations of actual methane hydrates.

In recent years, several studies have reported the possibility of reducing energy consumption during the solution polymerization process of polyethylene by the introduction of a liquid-liquid (LL) separator. Besides temperature and concentrations, molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity index (PI) are important factors for the design of the separation process. Unfortunately, the effect of Mw and PI to the phase behavior of PE + hexane + ethylene system has not been extensively studied. Previously, the LL phase behavior for PE + hexane + ethylene system was studied using polydisperse PE (PE30: Mw 30.0 kg/mol, PI 4.2) at 473 K. The addition of 1wt% of ethylene to the binary PE + hexane system increased the phase separation pressure by 1 MPa at almost the same magnitude over all feed PE weight fraction (w_F,PE) range.
This study aims to provide experimental data and investigate the effect of Mw and PI to the phase behavior of PE + hexane + ethylene system. The experiments were conducted using polydisperse PE (PE4: Mw 4.0 kg/mol, PI 2.4) at 473 K with w_F,PE ranging from 0.02 to 0.20 using a variable-volume optical cell equipped with a hand pump and a recording system. Comparing with PE30, the LL phase separation pressure of PE + hexane system for PE4 was about 3.0 MPa lower, and the addition of 1wt% of ethylene only increased the phase separation pressure by 0.8 MPa. The phase separation pressure increased as the Mw increased, and the addition of ethylene shifted the LL phase boundary to higher pressure. The results provided from this study could complement previous understanding for the design of the separation process.

The author proposed a new activity coefficient model [Y. Iwai, Fluid Phase Equilibria 465 (2018) 24-33]. The new model was derived from Guggenheim quasi-chemical theory with Taylor series. The formula of the new model is similar with that of regular solution theory. However, new idea in the new model is the surface area parameters, which account for the number of interactions between molecules, were assumed to vary depending on partner molecules and the concentration of mixtures. The new model can describe an exceptionally high value or convex behavior of activity coefficient in the dilute region. The liquid-liquid equilibria for ternary systems and the vapor-liquid equilibria for constituent binary systems can be correlated well with the same parameter sets.
The following results will be shown in this presentation.
(1) The new model is applied to calculate the activity coefficients for the systems which are difficult to correlate by widely used models. The target systems are as follows.
The systems of activity coefficients show convex behavior.
The systems of activity coefficients sharply increase or decrease in dilution region.
The systems of partially miscible.
(2) The new model is expanded to a group contribution method. Some results of the group contribution method will be presented.

Diethyl carbonate (DEC) is one of the most promising compound that may be used as co-additive with ethanol/alcohols in gasoline blends because its higher octane number, lower vapor pressure and lower miscibility with water than ethanol. To apply DEC as gasoline additive, there are some aspects to be concern because blending process could change its physical properties such as vapor pressure and water miscibility. In order to know the physical properties of DEC-gasoline fuel mixture, the phase equilibria of DEC mixtures with several alcohols and hydrocarbons related to gasoline are required. Therefore, in this study, we reported the phase equilibria of DEC mixture with alcohols and hydrocarbons in binary and ternary systems at temperature range of 303.15 K – 323.15 K. From the isothermal vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data, the vapor pressure of DEC mixtures with alcohols and hydrocarbons in binary and ternary systems were obtained. DEC is found to successfully decrease the vapor pressure in binary mixtures with hydrocarbons (isooctane, n-heptane, toluene) and alcohols (ethanol). In ternary mixtures, DEC is found to successfully decrease the vapor pressure of hydrocarbon + alcohol mixtures as well. The binary isothermal VLE data were well correlated using Wilson, nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) and universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) models with average absolute deviation (AAD) less than 2%. The binary parameters obtained from binary mixtures give good accuracy prediction results for ternary mixtures with AAD less than 5%. For the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) containing of DEC and water, the water miscibility of DEC + alcohols + hydrocarbons mixtures were obtained. From the liquid-liquid equilibrium data of DEC + water + ethanol/ 1-propanol ternary mixtures, the presence of DEC in ethanol/ 1-propanol decrease the content of water. The LLE data for these ternary mixtures were well correlated using NRTL and UNIQUAC models with root mean square deviation less than 0.005.

When the critical properties of a pure substance are known, it is possible to predict thermodynamic properties based on the corresponding state principle using an equation of state. However, we can hardly find experimental values of critical properties of complex molecules such as ionic liquids. Extending the Joback method, I succeeded in predicting the critical temperature of complex molecules [1]. Moreover the critical volume of [hmim][Tf2N] was determined to fit the density of ionic liquid.
To calculate a mixture properties, especially phase equilibria, a binary interaction parameter, mij , should be determined. Changing mij values of glymes, TCMs and [hmim][Tf2N], the solubility of CO₂ in the ionic liquids were best fitted.
In 1977, we reported that the optimal mij values for the modified generalized BWR equation of state were found to belong to several family groups expressed as a function of the ratio of critical volumes [2,3]. This time, recalculation brought a simpler correlation. As shown in a following figure for the CO₂ containing family group, the above three kinds of ionic liquids were found to be on the same correlation curve. It means that polarity of complicated substances plays small role. It shows that the correlation of binary interaction parameter for the CO₂-nonpolar substances can also apply to more complicated polar systems, such as ionic liquids.
[1] H. Nishiumi, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 420 (2016) 1–6
[2] G.H. Hudson, J.C. McCoubrey, Trans. Faraday Soc., 56 (1960) 761
[3] H. Nishiumi, S. Saito, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 10 (1977) 176–180

Hydrogen reforming technologies, which combine hydrogen with toluene or naphthalene and store/transport it as methylcyclohexane or decalin, are expected to be widely used in the future due to the ability to safely transport the fuel with the highest concentration of hydrogen possible.
A reference database of equations of state is essential for the optimal selection of substances and the development of international technical standards. To add to this database, we started the development of highly accurate equations of state for these organic substances and their mixtures. We adopted the Helmholtz-type functional form, as with all other international standard equations of state for water and alternative refrigerants.
Throughout the fitting process, we used three types of input information for correlation. The first is the appropriate ranges of values of exponents and coefficients in the equations of state, the second is the numerical information on the shape of the thermodynamic state surface, and the third is the published measurement information for each substances. The present fitting program, which was developed by Lemmon [1], includes these three elements in the objective function effectively, and therefore we carefully controlled the behavior of each compound while simultaneously fitting the experimental data.
In our presentation, we will report the current status on the development of the equations of state being developed for the pure components used in the aforementioned hydrogen reforming technologies.
[1] E.W. Lemmon, “Equation of State Fitting with the REFPROP Program”, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO USA (2019).

In the past few years, the use of the combination between zwitterionic ion chromatography (ZIC) and the interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) [ZIC–HILIC] in identifying specific substances has been developed and considered to be the best technique in identifying certain substances in a solution. A zwitterionic betaine polymer is known to be able to convey whole neutral charge since it contains both anionic and cationic active groups which are sulfonate and quaternary ammonium groups in the same polymeric repeat unit. This study was conducted aiming to develop gel with the characteristic of reversible thermosensitive in adsorbing heavy metal ions from its solution. There are three gels used in this study to adsorb heavy metal ion from salt solution provided Zn(NO₃)₂; copolymer gel consisting of zwitterionic betaine N,N-dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl)ammonium propane sulfonate (DMAAPS), N,N-dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl)ammonium butane sulfonate (DMAABS), and DMAAPS copolymerized with thermosensitive N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) gels. These gels were used to investigate the adsorption ability and its swelling degree which was synthesized by free radical polymerization before being affected by methylene spacer number, copolymerization, and temperature given. This research found that as the temperature increases, the ability of the gel in adsorbing the ions decreases. In the case of DMAAPS and DMAABS gel, the swelling degree value increases when the temperature also increases. Meanwhile, sulfobetaine which has larger spacer has higher adsorption ability but not with its swelling degree. In spite of having more spacer than DMAAPS, DMAABS found to have the smallest swelling degree value. In addition, NIPAM-co-DMAAPS was found to have both the highest adsorption ability and swelling degree value. Eventhough copolymer has less amount of sulfobetaine than DMAAPS and DMAABS gels', the copolymer gel was found to have higher ability of adsorption as many as ten times of other gels.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is widely used in many applications due to its biodegradable properties. Cellulose and MMT are the most common organic and inorganic material used as reinforcing filler. Kenaf is one of the candidates of natural nanocellulose. Three compounds (PVOH-kenaf nanowhisker-MMT) were blended, cast and analysed. Kenaf nanowhisker loading was varied from 0 phr to 8 phr while MMT loading was varied from 1 phr to 5 phr. Mechanical properties, thermal properties and microstructure were analysed. In overall, the tensile strength exhibited highest value at 5 phr of MMT and modulus exhibited the highest value at 3 phr of MMT loading although increasing MMT loading could reduce the elongation at break. Increment of kenaf nanowhisker loading would increase the tensile strength, elongation and modulus until a maximum point where beyond the mechanical properties decreased. Among all, nanocomposites with 5 phr of MMT with no addition of kenaf nanowhisker had the highest tensile strength.

Glass transition temperature (T_g) of pharmaceutical polymers could be depressed by the pressurization with CO₂. This phenomenon could be utilized for the formulation of pharmaceutical polymers in a short time and at mild temperature. However, there are some problems of the safety and cost under high pressure. Addition of organic solvent in CO₂ could depress the T_g of polymers. Organic solvent is harmful to human, so addition of small amount of harmless solid co-solvent might be useful to lower the pressure. In this study, effects of solid co-solvent on the T_g of pharmaceutical excipients were examined with a visual method using the transmitted light intensity.
The T_g of Ethyl cellulose (EC)/CO₂/ solid co-solvent systems was measured. For example, T_g of EC under atmospheric pressure was depressed by physical mixing with Vanillin (VAN) or l-Menthol (MEN) as solid co-solvent. T_g of EC with VAN or MEN wasn't depressed much under CO₂. On the other hand, T_g of EC wasn't depressed by physical mixing of Xylitol (XYL). Therefore, it could be concluded that there are combinations of EC and solid co-solvent which can depress the T_g of EC and the T_g could be depressed by only addition of suitable solid co-solvent without CO₂ pressure.
The state transition of EC with solid co-solvent was easily observed visually. It could be considered that T_g of EC was depressed by melted VAN or MEN dissolving into EC and wasn't depressed by melted XYL. From these facts, affinity between EC and solid co-solvent was examined by the solubility parameter (δ) which is an index of affinity between substances. The solubility parameters estimated by the group contribution method reported by Fedors [1] successfully explained that the affinity of polymers and solid cosolvent controls the T_g depression.
References
[1] Robert F. Fedors, Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, California, (1974)

Biomass is a renewable and abundant resource that can reduce our dependence on the dwindling fossil fuel reserves. In particular, sugars are simple molecules that can be converted to biofuels and a wide array of platform chemicals. As found in plants and other organisms, fermentable sugars commonly exist as the repeating units in polysaccharides, which further form a complex network among themselves. Presently, one of the major challenges is to extract these sugars from these networks in an efficient and cost-effective way. The cleavage of the glycosidic bonds present in the polysaccharide structure is an important step in the process and understanding its mechanism can provide the insights necessary to develop better technologies to obtain the sugar monomers.
In this study, we used quantum calculations to determine a mechanism of the production of sugars from the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of two model compounds, namely, cellulose and fucoidan. Glucose is the monosaccharide produced from the former and fucose from the latter. In both cases, our simulations showed that the process involves four steps. First, the oxygen in the glycosidic bond is protonated by an acid. Then, the C–O bond is broken, yielding a carbocation of either glucose or fucose. Next, the oxygen of a water molecule bonds with the positively charged carbon in the intermediate structure. Finally, the molecule is deprotonated, yielding the desired sugar monomer. Consistent for both cellulose and fucoidan, the initial step (i.e., protonation) is the rate-determining step because it requires the highest activation energy. Furthermore, our calculations showed that the depolymerization of cellulose via acid-catalyzed hydrolysis is less energy demanding than that of fucoidan.

Because of the insufficient supply of refined coconut oil as a raw material for biodiesel production in the Philippines, an exploration on the potential use of oil refining by-products, particularly coconut oil fatty acid distillate (COFAD), as an alternative feedstock has been done. The main problem encountered in the use of COFAD is its high free fatty acid (FFA) content. A pretreatment step via esterification using methanol as a solvent is needed in order to reduce the FFAs present by converting it to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In this study, the conversion of FFA in COFAD to FAME was done via homogeneous esterification using sulfuric acid as catalyst. The effect of catalyst loading (0.5, 1, 5 wt.% sulfuric acid) and methanol-to-COFAD molar ratio (3, 6, 10) were studied first in order to determine the best process conditions that would lead to a maximum FFA conversion and FAME content. It was found that a low catalyst amount (1 wt.%) and a high methanol-to-COFAD molar ratio (10:1) at a time of 30 minutes is a favorable combination to reduce the FFA from ~70% to ~1%. A kinetic study was further done using the best process conditions for esterification and the results were found to fit in the kinetic model having a pseudo-homogeneous first-order in the forward direction and second-order in the reverse direction. The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction was also determined by fitting the kinetic data to the Arrhenius Equation. The results of this study suggest that COFAD can be a suitable alternative feedstock for the production of biodiesel in the Philippines.

Polycarbonates (PCs) have excellent features such as transparency, impact resistance, thermal stability, dimensional stability, and flame resistance. A non-phosgene process for PC production from carbon dioxide, ethylene oxide, and bisphenol A, has been developed. This process provides an effective use for carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas and an abundant carbon resource, and has attracted much attention in terms of greener and more sustainable chemistry. Diphenyl carbonate (DPC) is an important intermediate material in these non-phosgene processes. The DPC purity directly affects the downstream PC quality. High-purity DPC is important in the production of PC for optical media applications. One of the options for DPC purification is crystallization. Knowledge of solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) data is crucial in the design and development of crystallization processes. Our group determined the SLE of several binary systems containing DPC. However, more experimental SLE data for systems containing DPC are still needed.
The object of this work was to obtain SLE data for ternary systems containing DPC. We investigated the SLE of two ternary systems, i.e., methanol + DMC + DPC and phenol + DMC + DPC in the reaction involved in the non-phosgene PC process. Two ternary SLE data were experimentally determined by a synthetic, visual technique designed in our laboratory. In the measurements of ternary systems, DPC free basis mole fraction of methanol or phenol “α” was changed from 0.3 to 0.9, and changes of SLE behaviors were discussed with an increase of α. The SLE predictions for two ternary systems were compared with the experimental SLE data on the basis of the NRTL parameters obtained from the constituent binary SLE data. Also, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-modified universal functional activity coefficient (UNIFAC) group contribution model was also used for the prediction of two ternary systems.

Direct oxidation of formic acid is prominent in fuel cells. We recently reported the catalytic
activity of LaCoO₃ for this reaction [Electrochem. Commun., 99, 1-4, 2019]. For the first time, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used for analyzing the mechanism of this reaction. We sampled a different number of HCOOH adsorption configurations as adsorption plays a crucial role in oxidation. Similarly, proton adsorption in different oxygen environments of the surface was analyzed. By considering the electro-oxidation environment of HCOOH, comparison of decomposition was done with and without water. This study is expected to aid the understanding oxidation of HCOOH on noble-metal free material LaCoO₃.

Graphitic carbon nitride, whose activity is due to the electronegativity difference between the carbon and nitrogen atoms, has gained popularity among metal-free catalysts. Experiments with graphitic carbon nitride have shown that addition of a conductive carbon support to GCN improves its activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) ^{1, 2}. Following previous studies on doped GCN, substitution of nitrogen or carbon with heteroatoms such as sulfur and phosphorus can further enhance GCN's ORR activity ^{3, 4}. In this work, we investigate through a density functional theory-based calculation the effect of substitutionally doping sulfur and phosphorus on the graphitic carbon nitride/graphene layer in terms of adsorption energies and charge transfer extent upon oxygen adsorption. The results of the calculations suggest that sulfur doping provides higher adsorption energy compared to phosphorus doping. In terms of doping location, the calculations reveal that doping along the edge sites gives the most energetically favorable structure for oxygen adsorption. Moreover, this work considers the possible relationship between the oxygen-GCN/graphene separation distance and the oxygen bond length as an indicator of the interaction of molecular oxygen as it adsorbs onto the GCN/graphene surface.
¹ S. Lyth et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 47, 20148-20151 (2009).
² S. Yang et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 50, 23, 5339-5343 (2011)
³ Y. Zheng et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 50, 20116-20119 (2011)
⁴ Q. Han et al. J. Mater. Horiz 4, 832-850 (2017)

Deposition of metal particles into porous supports such as mesoporous silica using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) has attracted much attention to prepare supported catalyst because of its ability to disperse metal particles into pore structures [1, 2]. Prediction methodology of the solubility of metal precursors in scCO₂ is important to efficiently design the supported catalyst using the scCO₂ deposition method.
In this work, the prediction of solubilities of various acetylacetonate-type metal precursors in supercritical carbon dioxide was performed using a thermodynamic model with the PC-SAFT (perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory) equation of state [3]. Pure component parameters for the metal precursors (segment number, segment diameter, and dispersion energy) were determined with correlations to solubility data of the metal precursors in various organic solvents, which were newly measured in this study. The pure component parameters of the metal precursors determined with the correlations were applied to predict literature data of solubilities of the metal precursors in scCO₂ [4, 5] using the PC-SAFT equation of state. The PC-SAFT equation of state could reproduce the solubilities over wide temperature and pressure ranges for various precursors under almost all conditions without k_ij.
References
[1] J. Morere et al., RSC Adv., 5 (2015) 38880-38891.
[2] S.B. Barim et al., Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 245 (2017) 94-103.
[3] J. Gross, G. Sadowski, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40 (2001) 1244-1260.
[4] M. Haruki et al., Fluid Phase Equilib., 297 (2010) 155-161.
[5] M. Haruki et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 56 (2011) 2230-2235.

Alanine condensation in high temperature and high pressure water were performed by molecular simulation and flow-type experiment to investigate catalytic role and solvation effect of water. Relative energies of the species consisting alanine condensation and corresponding transition structures were optimized by geometry optimization with B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. We considered four selected reaction mechanisms of alanine condensations such as anionic, zwitterionic, cationic, and non-ionic form. We also calculated a water molecule participation onto non-ionic reaction mechanisms to quantify the catalytic role of water. Activation energies considered reaction mechanism were ranged 117 kJ/mol to 190 kJ/mol, while alanine condensation by zwitterionic mechanism showed a lowest activation energy. Activation energies in solution were calculated by the sum of the activation energy from DFT calculation and the solvation free energy from Monte Carlo simulation with the theory of energy representations by Matubayasi and Takahashi. Solvation free energy difference between reactant and transition state indicated that the alanine condensation with zwitterionic mechanism was promoted by high temperature and high pressure water, on the other hand, the alanine condensation by anionic mechanism was inhibited by water as reaction media. This solvation effects by solvation free energy difference did not have great influence on activation energy due to the solvation effect contributed around 10% to activation energy. The temperature dependence of alanine condensation by means of the flow-type experiments was indicated the second-order reaction and the activation energy was 48.5 kJ/mol. Future investigations on ionic mechanism of alanine condensation are needed to elucidate the catalytic role of water molecule and solvation effect of water as reaction media. The solvation effect of high temperature and high pressure water on alanine condensation should be responsible for the preferential solvation around reaction species, which would be shown by the analysis of solution structure in the presentation.

We developed non-polarizable force field for ionic liquids by using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory(DFT). The cation is 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, N-metyl-N-proylpyrrolidinium, and N-butyl-N,N,N-trimetylammonium. The counter anions are chloride, tetrafluoroborate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide, and bis(trifluorosulfonyl)amide. The DFT calculations were implemented with the QUICKSTEP of CP2K[1]. The PBE-type generalized gradient approximation was employed for the exchange-correlation functional. The atomic charges assigned in the nonpolarizable force field were evaluated with the Blöchl method[2]. The initial van der Waals parameters were set to OPLS model developed by Lopes et al.[3], and they were optimized to reproduce the intermolecular forces obtained with DFT calculation. We performed the molecular dynamics calculations in the framework of the optimized molecular force fields, and evaluated transport coefficients with Green-Kubo formulae.
The calculated transport coefficients with only the update of atomic charges remain less accurate. The accuracy is also imbalanced between viscosity and electrical conductivity. In contrast, the fully-optimized force field including van der Waals parameters provides good agreements for them with the experimental data, and moreover, the obtained accuracy is consistent over the various ionic liquids. Therefore, it turns out that the suggested optimization scheme of non-polarizable force field is useful to predict transport properties of various ionic liquids. In this oral presentation, the detail strategy of force-field development and the calculated structural/transport properties will be explained.
[1] CP2K, version 4.1, The CP2K Foundation, Zürich, 2014.
[2] P. E. Blöchl, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 7422 (1995).
[3] N. C. Lopes, J. Deschamps, A. H. Padua, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 2038 (2004).

Ionic liquids are salts with melting points below ambient temperatures. They are nonvolatile and nonflammable and solve various chemicals by chemical modifications. Ionic liquids have attracted much attention as potential gas absorption media. In order to use ionic liquids for the chemical processes involved with gas absorption, the understanding of the gas absorption property and mechanism is of primarily importance. This talk presents some of highlight data on gas absorption in the ionic liquids.
CO₂ absorption property and mechanism were investigated for ionic liquids based on the cations 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([emim]⁺), N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-heptyl-ammonium ([N1227]⁺), N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(6-hydroxy)hexyl-ammonium ([N122,6OH]⁺), and dodecyltributylphosphonium ([P444,12]⁺) and the acetate anion ([AcO]^-). Each ionic liquid absorbed CO₂ chemically and desorbed it reversibly. The largest CO₂ solubility and temperature dependency at 313.2 K were observed in [emim][AcO] and [N122,6OH][AcO], respectively. The ¹³C NMR spectra revealed that CO₂ was absorbed in ionic liquids with different absorption mechanisms, namely, the CO₂-carbene ([emim][AcO]), CO₂-alkoxide ([N122,6OH][AcO]), CO₂-acetate ([N1227][AcO]), and CO₂-phosphineylide ([P444,12][AcO]) complexes.
We measured high-pressure CO₂ solubilities in [emim]⁺ ionic liquids with [AcO]^-, 2-methoxyethoxyacetate ([C₁OC₂OC₁CO₂]^-), and 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propionate ([C₁(OC₂)₂CO₂]^-) to investigate the effect of ether modification on the CO₂ physical and chemical absorption. We success fully deconvoluted the high-pressure CO₂ solubility into the contributions of physical and chemical absorption. The validity of this numerical analysis was quantitatively confirmed by the NMR spectra for the [emim][[AcO]+CO₂ mixtures at high pressures, which can separately identify the chemical and physical species. According to the deconvolution results, the 2-methoxyethoxy group improved the physisorption (in mole fraction) and worsened the chemisorption compared to the unmodified acetate, whereas the negative effects on both the absorptions (in mole fraction) were observed by the 2-methoxyethoxymethyl modification.
I will talk also about the NH₃ and water vapor absorption in the ionic liquids in the presentation.

Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) has been used as a commodity material because of the controllability of its properties such as rubber elasticity, adhesiveness, or transparency by changing comonomer vinyl acetate (VA) content in EVA. Since EVA polymers are commercially produced by a solution polymerization method in EVA solution including monomer VA and diluent alcohol, phase equilibria of the EVA solutions at EVA production conditions are important.
This study has conducted the measurements of the phase equilibria for ethylene + ethanol + VA + EVA quaternary system at temperatures from 313 K to 403 K and at pressures up to 25 MPa. In the measurement, the EVA composition in the solution was kept at 10 wt% while ethanol/VA ratio was changed. Vapor-liquid equilibria were observed in lower pressure region and liquid-liquid equilibria appeared in higher ethylene concentration. It was also observed that increasing ethanol/VA ratio causes bubble point pressure (BP) increase and cloud point pressure (CP) decrease at higher temperatures. In addition, experimental results were compared with ethylene + methanol + VA + EVA quaternary systems [1]. It was found that BP and CP for ethanol systems were lower than that of methanol systems.
PC-SAFT [2] was applied to represent the phase equilibria of the quaternary system. Vapor-liquid equilibria of each binary system were correlated with the PC-SAFT to determine binary interaction parameters. Prediction results of phase equilibria for the quaternary system are shown in Fig. 1, showing relatively good results for PB but shift to higher pressures for CP at given composition.
[1] T. Nakamura et al., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 429 (2016)98.
[2] F. Tumakaka, G. Sadowski, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 217(2004) 233.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are now widely acknowledged as a new class of solvents like ionic liquids (ILs) because they share many characteristics and properties with ILs. DESs generally have low vapor pressure and non-flammability, and their physicochemical properties are optimized. Then, DESs can be conveniently prepared by simply mixing a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA) with a suitable composition. CO₂ solubilities in DESs as reported in literature have been limited to hydrophilic ones and, to the best of our knowledge, hydrophobic DESs have not been systematically studied as potential solvents for CO₂ capture [1].
In the present study, we have investigated the density, viscosity, and CO₂ absorption behaviour of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), composed of halogenated onium salt (tetrabutylphosphonium bromide) and carboxylic acids (hexanoic acid or octanoic acid) at a 1 : 3 molar ratio (TBAC3HA or TBAC3OA). The densities and viscosities were determined at temperatures from 273.15 to 363.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. The CO₂ solubilities in DESs and their saturated densities were measured at 313.15 K and pressures up to 8 MPa. The molarity of the CO₂ solubilities were calculated from the experimental results. The experimental density was correlated by a quadratic equation. The viscosity data were represented fairly well by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation. The CO₂ solubilities increased with increasing pressure as observed for the typical physical absorption behaviour. The TBAC3HA and TBAC3OA gave higher CO₂ solubilities than the ethylene glycol-based DES (TBAC3EG).
Reference
[1] L. F. Zubeir et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 63, 913-919 (2018).

Polymers have many excellent properties such as light-weight, electrical insulation and flexibility. Therefore, they are widely used as important parts in the industrial fields, especially, electronic industry. Recently, the thermal management inside the advanced electronic devices becomes more important because downsizing of the device proceeds with remaining high performances. However, thermal conductivities of polymers are generally quite low. Therefore, the addition of high thermal conductive fillers into the polymer matrix is often carried out to increase the thermal conductivity of the polymer materials. In addition to experimental works, theoretical studies are important to obtain the values in a wide range of the condition and to understand the fillers' configuration inside the polymer matrix. In the present study, the theoretical studies were carried out mainly using Hamilton-Crosser model to investigate the aggregation and orientation behaviors of the fillers. We focused on the hexagonal boron nitride/polyimide composites. By adjusting the configuration parameter in the Hamilton-Crosser model, the relationship between the effective thermal conductivity and possible configuration of the boron nitride particles was obtained.

Random laser action, resulting from the multiple scattering of light, can be observed in dye-doped nematic liquid crystals (NLCs). The intensity of random laser emission can be controlled by electric, thermal and magnetic stimuli, however, the magnetic control needs very strong magnetic field because the magnetic anisotropy of LC molecule is low. Recently, ferromagnetic NLCs (FNLCs) was reported; ferromagnetic nanoplatelets (MNPs) dispersed in an NLC are oriented in the same direction as the nematic director, which can be reoriented by very weak magnetic field by virtue of the ferromagnetism. Here, we report magnetic-field-induced change of the random laser action in dye-doped FNLC (DDFNLC). Dye-doped NLCs (DDNLCs) were prepared by doping nematic liquid crystal, E7, with 0.3 wt% of Pyrromethene 597 as a laser dye. A suspension of 0.6 wt% MNPs in 1-buthanol was mixed with DDNLCs. The mixture was kept at 70 °C for 24h to evaporate 1-buthanol to give DDFNLCs with 0.1 wt% of MNPs. DDNLCs and DDFNLCs were injected into homeotropic alignment cells. The samples were optically pumped by pulsed laser at 532 nm and the emission spectra were measured at different magnetic field intensities. Without any magnetic fields, no random laser action occurred. Laser action started from about 10 mT and 140 mT of magnetic fields parallel to the cell surface for DDFNLCs and DDNLCs, respectively (Figure). The random laser is likely to emit perpendicularly to the nematic director; in fact, in a magnetic field parallel to the cell surface, the nematic director in a homeotropic in an alignment cell rotates to the direction parallel to the cell surface and the random laser emission is switched on. Moreover, we can conclude that the addition of MNPs lowers the threshold magnetic field of the random laser action to about one tenth.

Studies on chloric behavior in high temperature processes (such as pulverized coal firing, waste burning and iron ore sintering) are important because volatile noxious compounds can be generated. For example, when heating coal to achieve burning and gasification, pyrolysis occurs first, volatile components are released and chlorine in coal is reported to be desorbed as HCl in this process. In addition, HCl is generated by the incineration of waste and then reacted to generate dioxins and chlorinated benzene. For blast furnace pig iron, some chlorine is captured into the solid-phase coke during the process of exhaust gas treatment at low temperatures. Our research group has previously studied the adsorption of HCl by Zn-doped O₂-activated resins at 100 and 300 °C. It was clarified that a Zn-doped carbon compound adsorbs HCl much more than a carbon compound at 100 and 300 °C. However, the kind of reaction site and influence of metal on carbon active site have not been clarified with respect to the metal-doped carbon active site and the adsorption stability of HCl. Also, no research has focused on this point. In this study, electronic states of three carbon active site models (Armchair, Zigzag and Tip sites) before and after Zn doping were calculated by molecular orbital calculation (RHF/6-31G*). Calculation results of molecular orbital method for molecular models of carbon and Zn-doped carbon materials suggested that the presence of Zn may increase the number of chemisorbed sites for HCl molecules. In addition, it was estimated that ZnO does not contribute to the adsorption stability of HCl on the Zigzag sites. It has also been clarified that ZnO greatly affects the electronic state of the whole carbon material. In the future, this study makes it possible to propose a method to inhibit the generation of volatile hazardous compounds in high temperature processes.

Liquid crystalline (LC) elastomers are very promising functional materials providing unique properties by coupling of "dynamic property of polymer networks" and "anisotropy of LC phases (such as orientation order of LC molecules)" [1-3], and thereby these materials are applicable to artificial muscles and soft actuators in the field of a variety of robotics. In this study, we demonstrate the spherical LC elastomers responsive to an electric field as micro size actuators. In addition, the creation of the spherical LC elastomers containing dual frequency LCs of which the dielectric anisotropy can be controlled by the frequency of AC field was newly investigated by using a flow focusing device (Figure 1). Then, the influence of the amounts of the LC molecules and the crosslinkers in the precursors on the deformation amounts of the elastomers was also discussed at the given frequencies of the applied AC fields.
The phase transition behavior of the elastomers was identified by polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The results revealed that the elastomers exhibited a LC phase below 60 °C.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Kyoto Technoscience Center and Murata Science Foundation.
References
1. T. Ikeda, J. Mamiya, Y. Yu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 506-528.
2. H. Yang, A. Buguin, J.-M. Taulemesse, K. Kaneko, S. Méry, A. Bergeret, P. Keller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 15000-15004.
3. K. Urayama, E. Kohmon, M. Kojima, T. Takigawa, Macromolecules, 2009, 42, 4084-4089.

Amphiphiles having different hydrophobic chains (such as fluorocarbons and hydrocarbon chains) often exhibit unusual interface properties and liquid crystal behavior. To generate a new drug release function of liquid crystals, this study synthesized amphiphiles having oxyethylene units and thermotropic liquid crystal mesogens (i.e. cyanobiphenyl and biphenyl groups) in the hydrophobic two chains (CB-B₂ES and HB-B₂ES, respectively) and a CB-B₂ES analogue without oxyethylene units (CB-DeS). Then lyotropic liquid crystal behavior of the amphiphiles in water was investigated as functions of temperature and elapsed time. Figure 1 shows chemical structures of amphiphiles and polarized micrographs for 30 wt% amphiphile / water mixtures at 30 °C at different elapsed times after preparation. Mixtures containing CB-DeS, CB-B₂ES and HB-B₂ES displayed maltese cross textures, suggesting formation of a lamellar liquid crystal. Lamellar liquid crystals in the CB-DeS / water mixture were stable and showed no morphology change without applying external forces or change in experimental condition. However, in CB-B₂ES and HB-B₂ES / water mixtures, lamellar aggregates displayed dynamic formation/breakdown behavior with elapsing time at a constant temperature. Namely, after preparation of fresh mixtures, population of maltese cross textures gradually increased but suddenly all the textures disappeared in a few min. The time to start the maltese texture breakdown for CB-B₂ES was ~30 min at 30 °C, longer than that for HB-B₂ES. It probably results from the higher stability of CB-B₂ES lamellar LCs by additional electrostatic interaction between cyanobiphenyl groups. In addition, there were no change in ¹H-NMR spectra before and after the texture breakdown. It suggested that the texture breakdown was not caused by decomposition of the surfactants. The dynamic liquid crystal behavior of the texture breakdown was expected to happen by phase transition from lamellar to another isotropic phase with elapsing time.

Clathrate hydrate of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) is expected as a cold storage material for air conditioning, but supercooling is a problem for practical use. The supercooling, widely known, is the state of maintaining the liquid phase even if it is cooled below freezing point, but the detailed mechanism is not clarified. For the purpose of visualization of the supercooling phenomenon, both the structures of TBAB clathrate hydrate and TBAB aqueous solution were observed. In general, although scanning electron microscope (SEM) is widely used in the observation of micro- or nano-size objects, it had not been possible to observe such as a solution or a gel directly since the inside of the SEM is under a high vacuum. Therefore, SEM observation was performed by a freeze fracture replica method. Freeze fracture replica method is utilized not only in medicine and biology fields but also in various fields since it is possible to obtain both of the information of a solution itself and the state of particles having a microstructure simultaneously. Specifically, cut-surface of the quenched sample was prepared and thin film is fabricated on the cut-surface. And by soaking it in an appropriate solvent, the thin film and the sample were separated to recover a replica film reflecting the morphology of quenched cut-surface. Finally, the replica film was observed by SEM.
In this study, we tried to observe the solution structure in the process of crystallization and melting of TBAB supercooled aqueous solution. Further, in actual use of a cold storage material, a hysteresis phenomenon (called a memory effect) accompanying a thermal history often becomes a problem. The memory effect was also investigated in relation to the solution structure by another analysis methods other than the freeze fracture replica method. The characteristics of the memory effect were clarified according to various analysis methods. We are going to discuss the results.

Here, we investigated the phase equilibria of the methane hydrate containing organic inhibitors (methanol; MeOH and ethylene glycol; MEG) and ammonuium chloride (NH₄Cl). Conventional isochoric trace method to identify the equilibrium temperatures and pressures for methane hydrates with mixed inhibitor system was used, and two groups of mixed inhibitor solutions: (1) 5 wt% NH₄Cl + 10 wt% MEG, 5 wt% NH₄Cl + 20 wt% MEG, 10 wt% NH₄Cl + 10 wt% MEG, 10 wt% NH₄Cl + 20 wt% MEG aqueous solutions, and (2) 5 wt% NH₄Cl + 10 wt% MeOH, 5 wt% NH₄Cl + 20 wt% MeOH, 10 wt% NH₄Cl + 10 wt% MeOH, and 10 wt% NH₄Cl + 20 wt% MeOH aqueous solutions, were prepared. The phase equilibrium conditions of methane hydrates containing MEG/MeOH and NH₄Cl solutions are located at lower temperature and higher pressure conditions than those of pure methane hydrate. In addition, as the concentration of MEG/MeOH and NH₄Cl increase, the hydrate equilibrium conditions of methane hydrates are further shifted into left regions (lower temperature and higher pressure conditions). The hydrate inhibition performance of our mixed inhibitor system is in the following order; (10 wt% NH₄Cl + 20 wt% MeOH/MEG) > (5 wt% NH₄Cl + 20 wt% MeOH/MEG) > (10 wt% NH₄Cl + 10 wt% MeOH/MEG) > (5 wt% NH₄Cl + 10 wt% MeOH/MEG). After all, we calculated the dissociation enthalpies of methane hydrates containing mixed inhibitor solutions using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which fits well with the experimental data.
KEYWORDS : methane hydrate, phase equilibria, thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor, ammonium chloride

Methane hydrates vastly deposit in deep sea around Japan, and expected as one of unconventional natural gas resources. The depressurization method is being developed for methane gas production from subsea methane hydrates. Methane hydrates are only stable at high pressure and low temperature conditions. In the depressurization method, a pipe equipped with depressurization pump is inserted into the subsea methane hydrate layer. When the methane hydrate layer is depressurized by the pump, the methane hydrates dissociate to gas and water. When the well pressure returned to be seawater head pressure by an accident or during operation stop, the methane hydrates may reform and plug the flow channel in the well. As a solution to dissociate the hydrate blockage, injection of a thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor (THI) into the well is effective, because the THI can melt the methane hydrates by shifting equilibrium curve toward lower temperature, in other words, freezing point depression. In this study, as a part of a Japanese National hydrate research program (MH21, funded by METI), we demonstrate methane hydrate dissociation by injection of urea which is expected for environmentally-friendly THI. In combination with urea, we used kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) or promoters such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The experiments were carried out in the rocking cell equipped with three glass windows. The cell was rocked to facilitate mixing of the fluids and solids inside the cell. Methane hydrates were first formed at 13 MPa and 278 K in the cell. A THI solution was stepwise injected into the cell to dissociate the hydrates. The dissociation behavior was recorded by a CCD camera. We tested a couple of different solutions of THI and the kinetic inhibitors/promoters. The present results suggest that there is a synergetic effect on the hydrate dissociation by combinations of urea and inhibitors/promoters.

Separation and recovery technologies for carbon dioxide (CO₂) are needed to address global warming. Semi-clathrate hydrates (SCH) with tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) are attractive as CO₂ separation media, because they can be simply regenerated and reused. Although SCH as slurries can possibly be applied to continuous separation processes, the reasons for their rheological properties being Bingham fluid or pseudo-plastic fluids are unknown and are important for their practical application. In this work, the objective was to investigate the relationship between the SCH crystal morphology and flow characteristics of SCH hydrate slurries so that the fundamental basis for their rheological properties can be understood. The shape of SCH crystals in the slurries was changed by time maintained super-cooling after crystal formation, defined as the overcooling time. Initial TBAB concentration was 10.4 wt% in the TBAB aqueous solution before the hydrate slurry formation and experimental temperature was 278.5 K. The solid fraction (v/v) in the slurry was 0.12. The viscosities of the SCH slurries were measured with a rotational viscometer and results were analyzed with Herschel-Bulkley's model. Least-squares and mathematical optimization were used to determine viscosity index, fluid consistency coefficient and yield shear stress. Size and shape of SCH crystals were characterized with microscopy and particles were found to be needle-like and granular without overcooling time, and were only granular with an overcooling time of 30 min. The fluid behavior of the SCH slurry was only Bingham fluid with an overcooling time of 30 min. Therefore, the shape of the SCH crystals in the slurry was found to influence the rheological behavior of the slurries and their flow characteristics.

Biogas is a resource that has been proposed to provide carbon neutral energy and reduce CO₂ emissions. However, biogas typically contains numerous impurities such as carbon dioxide, water and hydrogen sulfide, and these impurities must be removed before processing the mixtures with present technologies. Semi-clathrate hydrates (SCH) are attractive as gas separation media in biogas systems, because they are unaffected the presence of most impurities, however, there are issues related to their theoretical loading (adsorption amount). For tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) semi-clathrate hydrates, it has been reported that CO₂ absorption amount was much lower than theoretical values at TBAB concentrations above 1.5 mol%. The hypothesis explored in this work is that CO₂ is not sufficiently absorbed in SCH slurries due to SCH crystal aggregation. The objective of this work was to investigate how to increase CO₂ absorption amount in TBAB SCH slurries through experiments with a bubble column reactor. SCH slurries were loaded in the column, and gas mixtures were flowed through a filter from the bottom of the column. Loaded TBAB concentration was 0.55 mol%, experimental temperature was 278.2 K and experimental pressure was 0.8 MPa. Gas mixtures of He and CO₂ were used in which initial CO₂ composition was 0.20. The CO₂ absorption amount was 1.86 mmol-CO₂/mol-H₂O. Occupancy of CO₂ in SCH estimated from this result was 0.04. However, theoretical CO₂ occupancy with a thermodynamic model was estimated to be 0.13, which indicates that the CO₂ was not sufficiently absorbed by the SCH. The amount of hydrate in the slurry increased gradually as CO₂ was absorbed into the slurry and CO₂ tended to be enclathrated mainly in the inner cages of initial SCH particles. Thus, SCH formation in the initial stages of gas absorption is important for increasing the amount of gas absorbed into the slurry.

Natural gas is a growing energy source due to the less emission of carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels such as coal and oil. Various materials and methods have been investigated so far for effective separation, transportation, and storage. Among the options, gas hydrate has recently been received great attention due to its theoretically promising storage capacity and separation function. To evaluate the potential of gas hydrate as natural gas storage media, however, the fundamental thermodynamic properties should be fully investigated, particularly elucidating its distinct characteristics of cage occupation behavior of natural gas molecules. In this study, we investigated the binary gas hydrate containing trimethylene oxide (TMO) and CH₄ molecules focusing on the distinct host-guest interactions between water cages (host) and guests (TMO and CH₄). Pressure-temperature phase equilibria were measured. In addition spectroscopies such as synchrotron High Resolution Powder Diffraction (HRPD), Dispersive Raman, and ¹³C solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were employed. The results indicated that the thermodynamic stability of TMO + CH₄ hydrate was higher than that of pure CH₄ hydrate. Particularly, structure II type gas hydrate was mainly formed at the concentrations of TMO below 5.56 mol%. When the ratio of water to TMO was 17: 1, abnormal tuning phenomenon was also observed. The cage occupancy of CH₄ molecules in TMO + CH₄ hydrate was significantly enhanced.

Light perovskite-type hydrides show great potential for hydrogen storage. Using density functional theory (DFT) modeling, all possible perovskite-type hydrides ABH3 (alkali metals A = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs, alkaline metals B = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba) have been investigated to explore the structural stability and hydrogen release properties. The formation enthalpies and reaction enthalpies for hydrogen release were calculated based on the optimized experimental and hypothetical structures. The most favorable dehydrogenation pathways were obtained for all ABH3 systems studied. In addition, NaCaH₃ was screened to be as one of the most promising material to store hydrogen among these perovskite-type hydrides. To facilitate the hydrogen release of NaCaH₃, the dopants including alkali metals (Li, K, Rb, or Cs) and alkaline metals (Be, Mg, Sr, or Ba) were introduced to replace the Na and Ca sites in NaCaH₃ structure, respectively. The reaction enthalpies of doped-systems were calculated by different dehydrogenation pathways. Among all dopants examined, the Cs was the most beneficial dopant for the dehydrogenation of NaCaH₃ with the lowest energy required. However, there is no useful on hydrogen release using alkaline dopants in NaCaH₃ system. Overall, for future experiment and theoretical work, these studies can provide valuable model to design new promising perovskite-type hydrides for hydrogen storage.

In this study, investigated the evaluation of ultrafine bubble (UFB) with diameters of 1 μm or less, which are important among fine bubble (micro / nano bubble) studies, using hydroxy (OH) radicals and sonoluminescence generated by the collapse of UFB when ultrasonic waves are applied to UFB. First, electron spin resonance (ESR) and potassium iodide (KI) techniques were used for the evaluation of OH radicals. From the measurement results of ESR, it was confirmed that OH radicals were generated by the collapse of UFB. Also, since the KI method stabilizes iodine dissociated from KI as I₃^- with an absorption wavelength of 355 nm when OH radicals are present, the generated OH radicals can be evaluated by measuring the absorbance of this I₃^- with a spectrophotometer. However, when air is used as an internal capsule gas, the observation of OH radicals generated by the collapse of UFB has been difficult to evaluate by the KI method because the difference in absorbance is very small. Therefore, distinct absorbance differences could be confirmed by increasing the amount of OH radicals generated by the collapse of UFB by using ozone as the inclusion gas. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the higher the frequency of ultrasound, the greater the difference in absorbance (Fig). On the other hand, sonoluminescence measurements confirmed the luminescence phenomenon with respect to UFB collapse by ultrasound, and further confirmed that the luminescence intensity of water with the addition of the same number of inorganic particles as UFB was smaller than that of UFB water. Since differences in experimental results were confirmed by the presence or absence of UFB in these multiple experiments, evaluation of UFB using OH radical as an index using ultrasound can be expected.

Friction is fundamental phenomena in various mechanical process. Therefore, better understanding of friction behavior from atomistic scale is significantly important. Conventionally, a flat metal surface has been used in the molecular dynamics for investigation of friction behavior. However, in the realistic system, a irregular morphology of the surface plays an important role for friction dynamics. Such surface modeler requires a lot of computational power in the molecular modeling, which becomes issue for application of molecular dynamics. In this paper, a novel molecular dynamics method will be presented for the modeling of friction behavior with less computational time.

Quartz is an important crystalline solid and its wettability plays an essential role in affecting various production processes. However, less attention has been paid to the crystal face related wetting behavior. In the present work, with the contact angle goniometer and the atomic force microscopy (AFM), the wettabilities of different faces of quartz were studied by measuring the contact angles between several solid-liquid pairs at both macroscopic and microscopic scale. The solid substrates investigated include (001), (100) and (110) faces of quartz, and the test liquids are water, glycerol and phosphoric acid (85 wt%). The results obtained show that the solid-liquid contact angles, which were measured by optical goniometer and AFM, are nearly identical, indicating that both methods are reliable, although the optical goniometer measured the contact angle at macroscale and the AFM yielded results at nanoscale. For the three faces of quartz tested, the contact angles become greater in the order of (001), (110) and (100), although the change in contact angle of phosphoric acid is more obvious than those of water and glycerol. In order to explain the effect of the crystal faces on the contact angles, the molecular dynamic simulations were conducted to investigate the wetting characteristics of water droplets on (001), (100) and (110) faces of quartz. The simulation results demonstrate that the surface densities of unsaturated silicon atoms and the first-layer water molecules on the crystal faces are all in accordance with the order of (001) > (110) > (100), which is in the exact opposite order of the contact angles that were obtained in the experiments. Therefore, it can be inferred that the differences in the surface atomic arrangements and the surface density of unsaturated silicon atoms are the intrinsic causes of the wettability differences between quartz faces.

Supramolecules such as micelles are used as various functional materials. These functionality is dependent on the amount and/or type involved in the interaction of supermolecules, it is mainly expressed in the aqueous solution. Therefore, we have to understand the 3D structure of supramolecule in aqueous solution, and their information play important role to create a novel functional material. In our recent study, we reported about the analysis of calix[4]arene-based micelle by using various experimental methods. Calix[4]arene-based surfactants showed that they are monodisperse with a defined aggregation number whose values are chosen from the face number of Platonic solids. We named it “Platonic Micelle”. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provides nanoscale information about size and shape for disperse particle. However, it is difficult to understand a detail of the 3D configuration of the aggregate of the molecule forming the Platonic Micelle with only SAXS. Then, we considered that the 3D configuration of Platonic Micelle is able to understand by combination of the computational chemistry method and SAXS. The Platonic Micelle consisting calix[4]arene-based surfactant having four alkyl tails and four head groups were examined by SAXS and computational chemistry methods mainly using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, molecular orbital method and CRYSOL program. CRYSOL program is able to provide a theoretical value about scattering. On the hands, a dynamics of Platonic Micelle can be analyzed with MD simulation. 3D configuration of Platonic Micelle was estimated by comparison between SAXS result and theoretical curve calculated in CRYSOL program by using 3D coordinates obtained in the process of MD simulation.

Several investigations have been reported on the phase behavior of ionic liquid (IL)+alcohol mixtures. For example, a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolum bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([C₂mim][TFSA])+2-propanol mixture shows upper critical solution behavior. The critical temperature and critical mole fraction (x_IL) of IL for the [C₂mim][TFSA]+2-propanol mixture are 292.2 K and x_IL = 0.149, respectively. However, the transport properties of IL+2-propanol mixtures, such as viscosity, electrical conductivity, and self-diffusion coefficient, have not been investigated systematically.
In the present study, the self-diffusion coefficients of [C₂mim]⁺ (D₊), [TFSA]^- (D_-), and 2-propanol (D_2-pro) for the [C₂mim][TFSA]+2-propanol mixtures were measured using PFGSE NMR spectroscopy together with the density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity. In Fig. 1, D₊/D_-, D_2-pro/D_-, and D_2-pro/D₊ ratios for [C₂mim][TFSA]+2-propanol mixtures at various temperature are plotted as a function of x_IL. The D₊/D_- and D_2-pro/D_- ratios decrease with decreasing x_IL, where the decrease in D_2-pro/D_- is more remarkable than D₊/D_-. On the other hand, the D_2-pro/D₊ ratio does not considerably change. Then, the increase in D_- with decreasing x_IL is significant compared with D₊ and D_2-pro. This is probably because [C₂mim]⁺ interacts with 2-propanol more strongly than [TFSA]^- in the mixtures. We will give the detailed discussion about intermolecular interactions in the [C₂mim][TFSA]+2-propanol mixtures based on the results of the density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity measurements in the presentation.

In order to investigate the transport property of ionic liquids, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation by using the non-polarizable force field developed with first-principles DFT calculations. The DFT calculations were implemented with the QUICKSTEP of CP2K[1]. The PBE-type generalized gradient approximation was employed for the exchange-correlation functional. Further information for the optimization scheme will be presented in the oral presentation. The cation is 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium, N-metyl-N-proylpyrrolidinium, and N-butyl-N,N,N-trimetylammonium. The counter anions are chloride, tetrafluoroborate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide, and bis(trifluorosulfonyl)amide. All the MD simulation were implemented by using Gromacs package[2]. Self-diffusion coefficients was evaluated with the Einstein equation and the modification of periodic boundary condition. Viscosity and electrical conductivity were evaluated with the Green-Kubo formulae. The calculated transport coefficients are in good agreements with the corresponding experimental data. Even for several systems based on the same cation or anion, since the molecular charges were updated via first-principles calculation at each thermodynamic states, the effective charges and van der Waals parameters were assigned for the MD simulation. Thereby, the MD simulation in the framework of the present molecular force field is useful to predict transport properties of various ionic liquids. In this poseter presentation, the calculated structural and transport properties will be discussed over the various compositions of ionic liquids including the ternary mixtures.
[1] CP2K, version 4.1, The CP2K Foundation, Zürich, 2014.
[2] Gromacs, version 2016.5, The GROMACS development teams, Sweden 2017.

Ionic liquids (ILs) generally have negligibly small vapor pressure and high thermal and chemical stability. They show higher solubilities of acidic gases such as CO₂, H₂S, NO_x and SO_x than neutral gases like N₂, H₂, and O₂. The mixtures of diglyme (i.e. diethylene glycol dimethyl ether) and lithium salts show unique the physico-chemical behavior resembling ILs [1], therefore, they are called as “solvate ionic liquids (SILs)”. Since Aki et al. [2] reported that [TFSA]^- is the best anion in the imidazolium salts for CO₂ absorption, [Li-diglyme][TFSA] was expected to have the excellent CO₂ absorption capacity. The CO₂ solubility and calorimetric data are required for the development of the CO₂ separation process using SILs.
In the present study, we have investigated the enthalpies of CO₂ solution in diglyme and [Li-diglyme][TFSA] (LiTFSA: 10 wt%) at 313.2 K and up to 7.0 MPa using a flow calorimetric technique. The experimental values of the enthalpies were consistent with the calculated ones based on the Henry's constants [3]. Furthermore, the CO₂ solubilities were derived from the experimental calorimetric data for diglyme and [Li-diglyme][TFSA]. The CO₂ solubilities determined by the present calorimetric approach agreed fairly well with the synthetic approach [4].
References
[1] K. Ueno et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 116, 11323-11331 (2012)
[2] S.N.V.K. Aki et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 20355-20365 (2004)
[3] D. Almantariotis et al., Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con., 10, 329-340 (2012)
[4] D. Kodama et al., Fluid Phase Equilib., 302, 103-108 (2011)

Polymers have been widely used for controlled release materials in various fields such as fragrances and medicines. In this work, we have focused on copolymers as controlled release carriers with respect to their controllability of solubility and diffusivity of released solutes by changing copolymer composition as well as by tuning operation conditions. Regarding a solute, CO₂ was selected by considering its potential antioxidant effect. We have conducted measurement and correlation the solubility and diffusivity of CO₂ in poly (methyl methacrylate (PMMA)) and poly (methyl methacrylate (MMA) / ethyl acrylate (EA)) copolymer. This copolymer shows glass transition temperature, T_g, at 70–130 °C depending on EA content. In addition, T_g is reduced to near room temperature by CO₂ dissolution, of which feature is very useful for controlled release design since solubility and diffusivity change drastically around glass transition. The measurement conditions were the temperatures of 10, 25 and 40 °C close to supposed practical conditions of the controlled release material. The measurement results of the CO₂ solubility in PMMA increased with increasing pressure, and decreased with increasing temperature. These results indicated that the dissolution of CO₂ in this copolymer could be governed by the condensability of CO₂. In addition, it would be noted that the CO₂ solubility data were correlated fairly well with the Dual-Mode-Sorption [1] in conjunction with the SL-EOS [2, 3].
Now measurements of T_g of this copolymer under high pressure CO₂ are on-going with aiming the improvement of solubility/diffusivity correlation near glass transition by introducing T_g value to the correlation model.
References:
[1] N. H. Wang, et al., Kagaku Kougaku Ronbunshu, 2, 226 (1996).
[2] I. C. Sanchez and R. H. Lacombe, J. Phys. Chem., 80, 2352 (1976).
[3] I. C. Sanchez and R. H. Lacombe, Macromolecules, 11, 1145 (1978).

Recently, attention has been focused on a mixed fluid in which carbon dioxide (CO₂) is dissolved in an organic solvent, a so-called CO₂ expansion liquid. Since this mixed fluid can widely change the solvent characteristics only by pressure operation, its application as extraction of natural products and generation of fine particles has been studied. The equilibrium and/or transport properties such as density, dielectric constant, and viscosity of the mixture change greatly depending on the composition of CO₂. So, for industrial process design, it is important to grasp the physical properties of the CO₂ and organic solvent mixture. However, the measured data is insufficient at present because physical property measurements under high pressures need a special device and a long time. Therefore, the estimation of physical properties is greatly needed. In this study, the density of uniform fluid mixture under high pressure was focused on, which is the property greatly affected by composition. The density of CO₂ and toluene uniform fluid mixture was measured, and the applicability of the three mainstream equations of state to density estimation was evaluated. The density of CO₂ and toluene uniform fluid mixture was measured with a high pressure vibration type density meter equipped with a circulation pump and a variable volume viewing cell. The calibration of the density meter was conducted with water and cyclohexane. The measurement was conducted at temperatures from 313.2 K to 353.2 K and pressures up to 20 MPa. CO₂ compositions were changed from 0 (pure toluene) to 80 mol%. In density estimation, the Peng-Robinson equation of state as a representative of the van der Waals types, the Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state as a representative of the lattice fluid theory types, and the PC SAFT equation of state as a representative of the statistical associating fluid theory types were used.

Vitamin K is essential for osteogenesis, and vitamin K deficiency causes osteoporosis leading to hip fracture and coronary disease. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), one of vitamin K subtypes, is abundantly contained in Japanese traditional fermented food natto. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of freeze-dried natto was investigated at 293 K and 313 K at 100 atm, by means of semi-batch flow-type equipments. The extraction rate of the oil from freeze-dried natto was defined as a ratio of the extraction yield to a traditional hexane extraction yield. To improve an oil recovery during the extraction, the collection trap was cooled with brine bath. The extraction yield at lower temperature condition was improved due to an increase of oil solubility. The maximum yield of extracted oil was 158.4% at 293 K and 10 MPa. The qualitative analysis for the extracted oil by UPLC/Q-Tof was performed to identify elemental composition of valuable compounds. The elemental composition analysis was revealed that that the menaquinone-1, 2, 3, isoflavone, and linoleic acid were identified by comparing monoisotopic masses between theoretical and measured values. The time profile of the extraction rate was indicated that the amount of extraction oil increased with the cosumption of carbon dioxide. The time profiles of extraction rate were fitted by simple mathematical model. The time constants of the mathematical model were 0.15 at 293 K and 0.12 at 313 K. The time profile of the mathematical model is comparable with that of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The maximum extraction rate would be 180% at 293 K with 23 g/g of carbon dioxide.

A mixture fluid of CO₂ and an organic solvent is expected as a new reaction solvent [1] because its properties can be varied by changing pressure, temperature and/or composition. To use the mixture fluid for industry, fundamental property data in wide pressure and entire composition range are needed. However, reports on diffusion coefficients D_1m in mixtures of CO₂ and organic solvent are limited [1]. Furthermore, high accurate prediction models for D_1m in mixture fluids are not well established. In this research, D_1m's of phenol in a mixture fluid of CO₂ and methanol under high pressure conditions were measured by the Taylor dispersion method. Moreover, the D_1m data measured experimentally were compared to D_1m values calculated by the Blanc's equation [1]. Each fluid (CO₂ and methanol) was separately supplied by each syringe pump at a constant flow rate to the diffusion column. A methanol solution of phenol was loaded via the injector to the diffusion column. A response signal was obtained at the exit of the diffusion column with a UV-Vis photodiode-array detector. The D_1m and velocity u were simultaneously determined such that fitting error, ε, defined by eq. (3), was minimized by changing D_1m and u values. D_1m decreased with increasing methanol molar fraction because fluid viscosity increased as methanol molar fraction increased. D_1m's were predicted by the Blanc's equation defined by eq. (4). The prediction performance for all the data points was lower than 11% in relative deviation Herein, m is the amount injected, R and L are the radius and length of diffusion column, respectively, t is the time, and exp and cal designate experimental and calculation, respectively. x is the molar fraction, and D_1A is the binary diffusion coefficient for phenol in A solvent.
[1] T. Funazukuri et al., Fluid Phase Equilib., 164, 117 (1999).

We mainly focus on the cocrystal formation of poorly soluble drug with CO₂, targeting on the enhancement of drug solubility and improvement of drug dissolve behavior. In this work, norfloxacin was used as target drug, which have a very limited solubility about 0.28mg/g water at 25 °C. To form the cocrystal of Norfloxacin with CO₂, we treat put Norfloxacin anhydrate in hyper-pressure cell in a temperature-controlled (30 to 60 °C) thermostatic oven and pressurize the CO₂ into the cell until determined pressure (5 to 25MPa) is reached. Then the pressure and temperature are controlled as a constant for 2h. After this, the hyper-pressure cell is depressurized at 0.1MPa/min. And the solid (mixture of Norfloxacin and Norfloxacin CO₂ cocrystal) remained in hyper-pressure is collected, we call it Norfloxacin Sc-CO₂. After the experiment, the Norfloxacin Sc-CO₂ is characterized mainly by powder XRD for semi-quantification of new formed cocrystal, and solubility test to check the dissolve behavior change. As results, we find out the higher pressure and higher temperature are preferred for cocrystal formation. Moreover, as can be seen in Figure, more cocrystal is formed, higher solubility of Norfloxacin we can get. In this research, the highest solubility is achieved at 25MPa, 40 °C, 0.64mg/g water at 25 °C, about 2 times higher than raw Norfloxacin. We also use the FT-IR to characterize the chemical change before and after Sc-CO₂ treatment, and find two new peaks at 1650 cm-1 which may indicate the C=O vibration of CO₂, and 990cm-1 which is still unknown. And TGA test give a mass loss around 189 °C corresponding with new heat absorbance in DSC test, which suggest the release of CO₂ from the cocrystal.

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) is considered as a green and environmental friendly solvent. scCO₂ has been widely used for dyeing for textile and polymer processing. In the design and development of scCO₂ process, solubility is one of the important and fundamental property. So far there are many calculation models developed for fitting and prediction of the solubility of dyestuffs. For example, Chrastil, Mendez-Santiago – Teja, Bartle et al., Kumar – Johnston, Garlpati – Madra, Sung – Shim, Adachi – Lu, and Ch – Madras proposed scCO₂ density-based models to correlate the solubilities of solid compounds. Also the equations of state like Peng – Robinson and Soave – Redlich – Kwong were used to fit and predict solubility of solid compounds in scCO₂. Recently the solubility calculation was performed by the equation of state combined with g^E model. In these calculations of fitting and prediction of the solubility, we encountered some inconveniences in an accurate representation of the models to the whole range of the experimental results and in dependence of the functional flexibility for the model used. To overcome these shortcomings, the neural network was applied to represent the solubility. In the present work, we examined to correlate and predict accurately the solubility of anthraquinone and the derivatives in scCO₂ by the neural network.

Recently, VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) emission to environment has become a serious problem. In particular, the paint industry is the largest VOC emission source in Japan, because large amounts of VOC are used as diluents in paint. As a new alternative technology, a CO₂ painting system [1], which replaces a part of solvent (diluent) with high pressure CO₂, has attracted an attention, because it can reduce VOC emission and drying cost. The fluidity of paint is important in the painting process, however viscosity data of CO₂ + organic solvent + polymer system are rarely reported. In this work, viscosity, density, and bubble-point pressure of CO₂ + methanol system were measured at 40 and 80 °C. To ensure the measurements at one phase, our pressure conditions were set at 0.2 MPa higher than the saturation. Figure shows experimental viscosity data of CO₂ + methanol system at 40 °C. Viscosity tends to decrease with increasing CO₂ composition and increase with increasing pressures. Estimated saturated viscosity data of this work were smaller than that of Sih et al. [2], and the deviation were 4.5 ~ 8.9 %. However, viscosity data at 0.1 MPa in pure methanol which were obtained by extrapolation from experimental data were in good agreement with the reliable literature values [3]. Free Volume Theory proposed by Allal et al. [4] was applied for the viscosity correlation and prediction. The predicted results of CO₂ + methanol viscosity at 40 °C could well represent the experimental data.
References:
[1] S. Kawasaki et al., J. Jpa. Soc. Colour Mater., 86, 163 (2013).
[2] R. Sih et al., J. Supercrit. Fluids, 41, 148 (2007).
[3] H. W. Xiang et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 35, 1597 (2006).
[4] A. Allal et al., Phys. Rev. E, 64, 011203 (2001).

Most pharmaceutical drugs have several crystal polymorphs, i.e., solid phases with different crystal structures. The polymorphs have different properties with each other, such as the solubility, stability, and particle shape, therefore affecting the bioavailability and the separation efficiency. It is thus required in pharmaceutical industry to selectively crystalize a target polymorph with desirable property. Solubility data of the polymorphs are essential information for the selective crystallization. Here we measured the solubility of famotidine, a histamine H₂ receptor antagonist, in various solvents at 298.15 K. Famotidine has the two polymorphs, a stable form A and a metastable form B. For both polymorphs, the solubility increased in the order of ethyl acetate < water < acetonitrile < ethanol < acetone < methanol. In all the solvents, the solubility of form B was larger than that of form A. The solubility ratio B/A varied with the solvent from 1.09 to 1.32 in the order of ethyl acetate < ethanol < acetone < acetonitrile < methanol < water. The experimental solubility ratio was smaller than that estimated (1.48) from the melting temperature and the molar enthalpy of fusion for the polymorphs. The solvent effects on the polymorphic solubilities and the solubility ratio are discussed in comparison with those for other pharmaceutical drugs.

Kinematic viscosity is one of the important transport properties, and is required for designing chemical process as well as estimating transport parameters via dimensionless numbers such as Reynolds number, Schmidt number, Prandtl number etc. [1]. In some models for calculating kinematic viscosities, some excess free energy models based on the local composition idea with Eyring equation will be useful from a practical of point.
This paper reviews the models for calculating kinematic viscosity using modified Eyring and excess free energy models.
1. Kinematic viscosity at normal pressure
1.a. Correlation of kinematic viscosity for binary system [2]
1.b. Prediction of kinematic viscosity for multi-component system [2]
1.c. Prediction of kinematic viscosity using ASOG-VISCO [3]
2. Kinematic viscosity at high pressure
2.a. Prediction of high-Pressure viscosity from viscosity data at normal pressure [4]
2.b. Prediction of kinematic viscosity at high-pressure using ASOG-VISCO [5]
References
1) B.E. Poling, J.M. Prausnitz, J.P. O'Connell: The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New-York (2001)
2) H. Matsuda, K. Tochigi, K. Kurihara, T. Funazukuri, V. K, Rattan: accepted for Fluid Phase Equilibria
3) K. Tochigi, K. Yoshino, V. K. Rattan: Int. J. Thermophysics, 26, 413-419 (2005)
4) K. Tochigi, T. Okamura, V. K. Rattan: Fluid Phase Equilibria, 257, 228-232 (2007)
5) H. Matsuda, K. Kurihara, K. Tochigi, T. Funazukuri, V. K. Rattan: Fluid Phase Equilibria, 470, 188-192 (2018)

Solid–liquid equilibria (SLE) for three binary mixtures of Dodecanoic acid with n-octadecane, n-eicosane, and n-docosane were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).Simple eutectic behaviors for all three systems were observed. The eutectic point of the (Dodecanoic acid + n-octadecane) system is at 300.15 K and 0.302 mole fraction of Dodecanoic acid, that of the (Dodecanoic acid + n-eicosane) system at 306.60K and 0.558 mole fraction of Dodecanoic acid and that of the (Dodecanoic acid + n-docosane) system at 311.15 K and 0.661 mole fraction of Dodecanoic acid.

Dimethyl ether (DME) and propane are easily liquefied because they have relatively low vapor pressure among liquefied gases and used for aerosol propellant. A new solvent has been proposed to synthesize nanoparticle by using the mixture of liquefied propellant and alcohol. Therefore, the polarity and the volatility can be controlled by the composition of the solvent. In our research group, the dielectric properties has been already measured for liquefied DME + ethanol and liquefied propane + ethanol mixture. In this study, the complex dielectric spectra of liquefied DME + propanol (1-propanol and 2-propanol) and propane + propanol (1-propanol and 2-propanol) mixture were measured at 303.2 K. The complex dielectric spectra of DME + 1-propanol and DME + 2-propanol liquid mixture were measured by frequency domain method with the network analyzer (HP8720C). Coaxial probe was used for the dielectric spectra measurement in the frequency range of 0.5 ~ 18 GHz. Frequency dependence of the complex dielectric spectra was fitted by single-phase Debye equation, and the static dielectric constants and the dielectric relaxation times of DME + propanol and propane + propanol liquid mixture at 303.2 K were determined. The static dielectric constants of all mixtures studied decreased with increasing liquefied gas concentration. The dielectric relaxation times of DME + propanol liquid mixture decreased with increasing DME concentration. For propane + propanol liquid mixtures, however, the propane composition dependence of dielectric relaxation time show maximum. The excess dielectric constants and the excess inverse relaxation times were calculated from the static dielectric constants and dielectric relaxation time studied. These excess values disclose the hydrophobic interaction between liquefied gas and alkyl chain of propanol plays important role of the liquefied gas dependence of dielectric properties for all mixtures studied at 303.2 K.

As a part of the development of the Hydrogen Organic Career, Hydrogen+Methyl-cyclohexane (MCH) system VLE model is developed for evaluation of MCH production process. Thermodynamic model using Peng-Robinson Equation of state which modified by Boston, Mathias is correlated using VLE data by Tsuji (2005) and Peter(1960). The conceptual MCH synthesis process is modeled using Aspen plus to evaluate the process performance and energy consumption.

The performance of polymer as biocompatible or separation material can be governed by its ability of adsorbing biological molecules. Considerable efforts have been devoted to characterize the polymer/water interface with the purpose of predicting the adsorption tendency, while the adsorption free energy is the direct measure of the extent of adsorption of an adsorbate of interest. In this study, the adsorption free energy was calculated by extending the energy-representation method to the polymer/water interface. We focused on the adsorption of amino-acid analogs onto poly(2-methoxyetyl acrylate) (PMEA), poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA), and poly(methoxyetyl acrylate) (PMMA). The MD simulation of the polymer/water systems was performed with GROMACS 5.1.4 in the NPT ensemble at a temperature of 300 K. The TIP3P model was used for water, and the polymer and amino-acid analog were described by potential functions that are based on the general AMBER force field (GAFF). The free energy of adsorption on the polymer/water interface was computed by the energy-representation method by viewing the polymer and water as a mixed solvent with a restraint on the adsorption depth. p-Cresol is one of the amino-acid analogs examined, and Figure shows its adsorption free energy ΔG onto each polymer at the Gibbs dividing surface. ΔG is favorable (negative) and p-cresol binds favorably to the polymers examined. The equilibrium content of water is larger in PMEA than in PBA and PMMA, while ΔG is in the order of PMEA ≈ PBA < PMMA. Thus, the adsorption free energy does not necessarily correlate with the interaction of polymer with water.

In recent years, Blood viscosity considered to be important from the viewpoint of prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in a medical field. Measurement of blood viscosity is difficult due to its coagulation property and measurement method of blood viscosity has not been established yet. We developed a compact sized Falling Needle Rheometer which is able to measure the blood viscosity almost immediately after collection. A Falling Needle Rheometer can measure the viscosity of a liquid with high accuracy ±0.1% in a short time and a viscosity measuring method is simple and anyone can get highly precise data easily. The blood is withdrawn from the body flowing into vacuumed plastic tubes coated with an anticoagulant. On the other hands, blood was withdrawn with non-Coated with anticoagulant vacutainer tubes and measured within 30 seconds. The blood always remained inside the vacutainer vessel and the viscosity was measured via a falling needle with a distinctive mass. We observed the effect of human blood viscosity on the addition of anticoagulants. We chose EDTA and heparin as anticoagulants. As a result, the human blood with anticoagulant shows higher viscosity than that without anticoagulant. We succeeded in measuring the flow characteristics of human blood using Falling Needle Rheometer.

The Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) is one of the index for affinity of materials with some solvents. The basic principle of HSP has been ‘like dissolves like'. HSP values over 1200 kinds of pure solvents have been reported by Hansen in the data base of HSPiP program 2004. Furthermore, HSP value is used for various research fields, such as an evaluation of the solubility of solid in solvent, a compatibility and an affinity of polymers in solvent and a dispersibility of fine particles in solvent. The other side, one of the methods of HSP for a liquid or its mixture is able to measure from physical properties of the solvent (such as refractive index, surface tension, permittivity and dipole moment). In the case of solvent mixture, the non-ideality of the solution is so important for practical use, however, non-ideality of Hansen solubility parameter for solvent mixture has not been elucidated so far. In this research, the comparison between the HSP value calculated from the physical properties (δt is calculated from surface tension, δd is refractive index, δp is permittivity, δh is calculated from solvent polarity parameter) and the HSP value calculated from the volume fraction ideal was carried out, and the non-ideality of solvent mixture were discussed and confirmed. In addition, this non-ideality created the estimation equation by the activity coefficient used in creating the estimation equation of the mixture.

Ethanol has been widely used in our daily life as a solvent for deodorizer, medicine, cosmetics and pesticide because of its bacterial killing and human friendly natures. The knowledge of miscibility and solubility with some propellants is important for designing their spray cans. In this study, bubble point pressure of the three binaries, containing ethanol with conventional or new propellant, were measured by use of a static apparatus at the three isotherms, 293.15, 303.15 and 313.15 K. The propellants employed were two conventional ones, propane and dimethyl ether, and new one, (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze(E)). These are expected as alternatives of CFC-12 and HFC-134a. The glass cell, with the inner volume of 37 cm3, was equipped in the apparatus, and the detail equipment has been reported elsewhere. The experimental temperature was measured by a thermistor thermometer with the estimated uncertainty, u(T)=0.04 K. The pressure was by the three pressure sensors with the different maximum capacities, 10 MPa(gauge), 1MPa(gauge) and 200kPa (abs.). The estimated uncertainty is u(P)=0.5 kPa for P > 100 kPa, and u(P)=0.06 kPa for P<100 kPa, respectively The three binaries showed the non-ideality in the solution, and the positive deviations from Roult law was observed in the whole range of the experimental temperature. The non-ideality in propane + ethanol and HFO-1234ze(E) + ethanol seemed to be larger than that in dimethyl ether + ethanol. The bubble pointy pressure was correlated with non-random two liquid (NRTL) model. The calculation showed good reproducibility Then.the average absolute relative deviations were 0.70, 0.62 and 1.68 % for ethanol with propane, dimethyl ether and HFO-1234ze(E), respectively.

FLiBe(2LiF-BeF₂)molten salts are expected to serve as the coolant and the thorium-uranium fuel dissolver in molten salt reactors, with the advantage of low pressure operation, good stability under radiation, high solubility of uranium and thorium fuel, and low corrosion to structural materials. In order to purify and obtain the high quality salts, a mixture of H₂ and HF is used to remove oxygen impurity from FLiBe molten salts.
In this study, Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations with BLYP method were performed to investigate the structure, transport properties of H₂, HF diffusion through liquid FLiBe(2LiF-BeF₂) in the range of 773–973K. Radius distribution functions and first-shell coordination numbers of the molten salt obtained by Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations reproduce the data of experimental measurement. The structure of the melts reveals the existence of a network of BeF₄^2-, Be₂F₇^3-,Be₃F₁₀^4-. The self-diffusion coefficients extracted from mean square displacements of F^-, Li⁺ and Be²⁺ are in accord with values found in literatures. The diffusion coefficients of H₂ and HF were obtained within error allowed. The results show that the diffusion coefficient of HF is a little higher than that of F^- ion, because the F^- in HF molecular easily stays bonded to Be²⁺ like other F^- while the H⁺ of HF moves quickly.
Through the work, the diffusion coefficient of HF was obtained to calculate the basic data of gas-liquid mass transfer, and provide basis for reactor design and scale up the FLiBe purification process.

Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Material (NOHM) is a new green platform material which is self–suspended liquid–like material consisted of inorganic core and organic canopy. This new platform, NOHM, has been evaluated to have high potential for various energy and environmental applications such as CO₂ sorptive materials, electrolytes, and lubricants with a low vapor pressure and promising thermal stability at high temperature over 200 °C. More importantly, NOHM has a great tunability on both entropic and enthalpic designs by introducing tailored core and linkage with specific functionalities. In particular, the entropic property which related to the intramolecular interactions between core and canopy structure could influence on the system's thermal, chemical, and electrical properties. In this investigation, it was designed to evaluate the entropic packing effects of NOHM systems on thermal properties and swelling behavior. The four different NOHM systems with varying the core size and the suspension system were synthesized (single 7, 12, 22 nm suspension and ternary suspension) and their thermal properties and swelling patterns were investigated via thermal analysis and spectroscopic analyses including ATR FT-IR and DOSY NMR. Through the investigation, the entropic packing effects by core size were identified. In addition, the ternary suspended NOHM system were evaluated to have high potential for thermal fluid application.

In this paper, a machine learning method is proposed to extract molecular features as floating-point numbers in a high dimensional space by mapping a language-like description Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification (SMILES) to a molecular fingerprint known as Molecular ACCess System (MACCS) which represent the molecular features as an one-dimensional array of molecular features. Two neural network models are build to predict the “sigma-profile”, the charge distribution of the molecule near a perfect infinite conductor, which is calculated by quantum mechanics. The sigma-profile can be used in the COSMO-SAC model for predicting thermodynamic properties such as activity coefficient. One uses MACCS as direct input, and the other uses the high dimensional space representation as input. Preliminary results showed that an accurate neural work model that uses the high dimensional space representation is much better than the one using MACCS. The results indicate that projection of molecular features into a high dimensional space with spatial features and distance metric is a much better representation of molecular features and potentially be a better predictor of thermodynamic properties.

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is important in the reduction of greenhouse gases and their conversions to useful products. Substituted metal catalysts have emerged as a new category of oxide catalysts making an intensive impact on environmental catalysis. Density functional theory (DFT) is the powerful technique for finding the active nature of new catalytic material. Hence, in this study, we have extensively used DFT calculations to design and probe a novel DRM catalyst. We selected Ru and La₂O₃ due to their hindered nature towards carbon formation making it a potentially non-deactivating catalyst. Vacancy formation energy decreased on Ru substitution when compared to that observed with La₂O₃, thereby improving the reducibility of the substituted catalytic material. Carbonates play a crucial role in DRM reaction on basic supports and hence, so we probed different types of carbonates present over Ru-substituted La₂O₃. Our theoretical calculations were successfully verified with experiments. Reducibility of Ru-substituted La₂O₃ was probed using temperature programmed reduction profiles (TPR). DRIFTS was carried out to determine the importance of carbonates during DRM reaction. Both theoretical and experimental studies proved Ru-substituted La₂O₃ a good catalytic material for DRM reaction.